Effective protection of endangered plants is not possible until their ecology and biology has been studied. Research into the morphology of rare plants in the Ukrainian Carpathians, including ephemerals, was initiated in the 1960s by Z.T. Artiushenko and S.S. Kharkevich, and continued in the Uzhgorod State University by V.I. Komendar, V.Yu. Mandryk, S.S. Fesenko and others. It was based on a monographic investigation of rare plants at population and species level (Komendar, 1988; Komendar, 1992), and involved a study of population biology, infraspecific structures and phylogeny at species level and below, to determine the survival strategy and competitiveness of taxa. As a result of this work, a synthetic approach was proposed (Krichfalushyi, 1984; Krichfalushyi & Komendar, 1990; Kricsfalusy, 1991; Kricsfalusy, 1994). This differs from the monographic approach in concept, and in having twice as many available methods. The monographic approach is through examination of plant communities: it cannot reveal plant infraspecies differentiation or their genetic structure, and cannot consider large- and small-scale evolution processes within populations, even though such information is essential in developing a protection strategy for rare plants. The synthetic approach regards a population as a universal living unit at the intersection of spatial and genetic biosystems. It is simultaneously an elementary species unit and an ecosystem component. Thus population as a system simultaneously possesses ecological and genetic parameters and structure. It is a naturally-historical evolution unit. From that point of view population is a component of biological, not morphological or typological species. On the other hand population is a component of communities with certain ecological functions. In this case the coenopopulation is an elementary object and the morphologic-typological species is a subject of investigation. However in cases when the coenopopulation is separated on the basis of floristic classification considering topographic features the possibility of coincidence in sizes of biological and coenotic populations is quite high. Thus the synthetic approach to study of genetic structure and evolution of populations, their ecological structure in various ecotopic conditions together with using of phytocoenotic methods prove to be a basis for successful conservation of biodiversity.